ABSTRACT
Olfactory dysfunction (impaired sense of smell) impacts flavour perception and subsequent appetite, potentially leading to malnutrition and affective changes. This tends to develop during the early stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection and may progress into long-term olfactory loss. Therefore, specialised food designs are needed to encourage a healthy, yet pleasurable eating experience for this population. This review aims to discuss food design strategies for satisfying the sensorial and nutritional needs that could be applicable to SARS-CoV-2 patients with mild olfactory dysfunction. Key literature on food design studies suitable for individuals suffering from olfactory and gustatory dysfunction was reviewed, including strategies for flavour enhancement, colour enhancement, texture enhancement including through trigeminal stimulation, fortification of macronutrients, micronutrients and fibre. Potential gaps and application of strategies to offer appealing and nutritious food designs to long SARS-CoV-2 patients to improve their quality of life were explored. © 2023 The Authors. International Journal of Food Science & Technology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Institute of Food, Science and Technology (IFSTTF).
ABSTRACT
Background: Systematic scoping reviews are a relatively new method of knowledge syntheses that have gained prominence in the field of medical education. Our study evaluates systematic scoping review (SSR) use in Internal Medicine (IM) due to the abundance of prior studies, allowing conclusions to be drawn in parallel to its subspecialty, palliative medicine (PM). PM in particular stands to benefit from our proposed approach, especially with how COVID-19 has forced a change in mentoring structures. It is imperative that the tools used to evaluate mentoring are dynamic and holistic in such turbulent times. Aims: To highlight its features and suitability for the effective study of mentoring, we demonstrate Krishna's Systematic Evidence Based Approach (SEBA) to determine what is known of SSR use in IM. Methods: One team of researchers employed Braun and Clarke's approach to thematic analysis to independently review the articles identified from five bibliographic databases and seven medical education journals on the use of systematic scoping reviews in medical education. A second team of researchers employed Hsieh and Shannon's directed content analysis for concurrent analysis. A third team summarised the included articles. Results: The results of this 'Split Approach' were compared. 3134 abstracts were identified and 62 articles were analysed. Four themes were ascertained from thematic analysis, and one additional category from directed content analysis. These were: characteristics, methodological framework, indications and limitations, use of grey literature, and the structure of systematic scoping reviews. Conclusion: In this paper, we show that the SEBA is more than equipped to fill in the gaps of SSRs in IM education and its subspecialty teachings to allow for its holistic appreciation. In advancing this approach, we also proffer a new tool to assess the quality of grey literature and ensure a balanced perspective in the evaluation of mentoring in PM.